ARAPÇADA “AÇIK MÜENNESLİK TÂ’SI” VE KUR’ÂN-I KERÎM’DE KULLANIMI

Abstract

Dillerde cinsiyet olgusunun insanlık tarihinin başlangıcından itibaren oluşmaya başladığı söylenebilir. Bazı dillerde cinsiyet sınıflandırması bulunmazken, birçoğunda eril-dişil veya eril-dişil ve yansız şekilde kategorize edilmiştir. Arapçada müzekker (eril) ve müennes (dişil) kavramlarıyla ifade edilen cinsiyet olgusu Arapça dilbilgisinde oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Müennes kelimeler, genelde sonlarına eklenen bazı harfler vasıtasıyla yapıldığından Arapçada müzekkerlik esas, müenneslik onun bir parçası olarak kabul edilmiştir. Arapça hece harflerinin üçüncüsü olan "tâ" harfinin, kelime sonundaki imlası, telaffuzu ve eklendiği kelimeye kattığı anlam yönünden diğer harflere göre farklılık arz etmektedir. Birçok gramer özelliğinin yanında en önemli ve en meşhur fonksiyonu "te'nîs alâmeti" olmasıdır. Bu yönüyle yirmi sekiz harf içerisinde nev-i şahsına münhasır bir harf denilebilir. Kelime sonunda hem açık hem de yuvarlak "tâ" şeklinde iki türlü yazılmaktadır. Günümüz fasih Arapçasında yuvarlak "tâ" harfi, sadece isimlerde te'nîs alâmeti olarak yazılırken, Resmi Osmânî Mushafında bazı kelimelerde mevcut yazım kuralına aykırı olarak açık "tâ" şeklinde imla edildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, isimlerde te'nîs alâmeti olan açık müenneslik tâ'sı ve Kur'ânı Kerîm'de kullanımının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır

It can be said that the perception of gender in languages has started to be formed from the beginning of the history of humanity. While in some languages there is no gender classification, in many languages it is categorized in two ways namely feminine and masculine or in three ways namely feminine, masculine and neutral. In Arabic, gender is categorized in two ways as feminine and masculine. Masculine name as literal or appreciated name does not carry the signs of feminine on the other hand; feminine is the word that cash against. As in Arabic feminine is accepted as writ subject element, it needs the feminine signs. In nouns and verbs, the important thing is masculinity. Femininity is an incidental element. For this reason in Arabic books, as masculinity is accepted as a main element it does not locate as self-contained, femininity is handled as large and detailed structure as it is thought that it is originally added to the structure. Another reason of the importance given to femininity is that in the first years of Islam, a great proportion of language mistakes namely “lahn” is resulted from femininity and masculinity. The famous ta’nis signs that are dealt in Arabic Grammar are “ta, elif-i maksura and elif-i mamduda”. Besides these signs, there are other signs that are used with nouns, and also there are ta’nis signs used in verbs and prepositions. Suyuti states that there are fifteen ta’nis signs and eight of them are used in nouns, four of them in verbs and three of them in prepositions. In Arabic the third syllabic letter “ta” is different in respect to spelling at the end of the Word, pronunciation, the meaning it gives to the word added. Besides lots of grammar properties, the most famous and important function of it, as mentioned above, is becoming a “ta’nis sign”. It can be written both open and round way as “ta” at the end of the words. In the current Eloquent Arabic, round “ta” is only written in nouns as ta’nis sign, in the Drawing Ottoman Quran, in some words as opposed to rules “ta” is written open. For example the word ????? that is seen eleven times in Quran, in seven places ????? in sixty-six places the word ??? doa po noa i dna the word ??? are written open. It means the round word ta is converted into open ta. When the ta letter is used with a verb, as a general admission by linguistics, it is written as open ta. In waqf and al wasl situations, it is pronounced as “ta”. As these “ta” letters that merge with verb is feminine subject, it is named as “tau’t-ta’nis. When it is with nouns, it is written as “tau’l-merbûta” (???? .(It is pronounced as “ta” in wasl situation and in waqf situation it is pronounced as “ha”. Together with this, ın some verses in the Drawing Ottoman Quran, this rule is violated and written as open “ta” in some nouns. Open ta is pronounced as ta in waqf and al wasl situations. There are different opinions about the conversion of open ta to round ta. Ganim Kadduri within the scope of Arabic writing’s historical development, states the reason of the open ta with these words: Tau’tta’nis is written as “ta” in waqf situation. As the Arabic writing improves, the writing that we use today has emerged. In the old Arabic and Nabati writing, it is seen the traces of these cahanges. Feminine names in Nabat language is mostly written with open “ta”. As in the examples of )?? ?situation shows us that in 568 the Harran writing in the Gregorian and AH in article 31 in Cairo are written as open ta. When we look at the Cairo writing, tau’t-ta’nis is written in the old style and at the same time, in “? ? ???? ? ? “word its new styke “ha” is realized. From these statements it is understood that round “ta” emerged in the following centuries. Ganim Kadduri says that, open feniminine symptom has been used by Tay Clan, They used to pronounce Talha and Hamza like “ ??? ? ? ???? ? ?? ??” saying by cried”, ????? ? ?? ? ? ????? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ??? ?? “at the Yamama day and they had poems what have last rhyme with tau’t-te’nis ending like “ ??? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ? ?? .“??? Sibawaihi claims that an Arabian person pronounced all kind of ta’s same way in waqf and wasl situation, infact they pronounced Talha ? ?? like ????? in waqf situation. In Sami languages there is no other sign of ta’nis other than open ta. After all these, tau’t-te’nis of some words in the Drawing Ottoman Quran has written by open ta, and this is showing us clearly that those words are keep saving their old orthography. Al-Mahdawi ise thinks that this change in ta letter is resulted from the clerk who deals with writing issues and rewriters As a conclusion it is seen that Sami languages that Arabian is also a member of it, use open ta as a sign of ta’nis; Arami and Nabati languages just spell open ta. This situation shows that, Arami and Nabati languages have impact on spelling round ta in Arabic words like open ta. It also tell us that round ta letter doesn’t exist in old Arabic language and it s occurred lately. 31. Hijri year in the writings of Cairo, the use of open feminine ta letter, in the period of caliphate Hz. Osman in which Quran is reproduced, means that this letter is also used in nouns. When the numerological letters ranking is observed, it is seen that there is no letter as round ta. Some of the names in Drawing Ottoman Quran has been written by open feminine ta and some of them written sometimes round ta, sometimes open feminine ta which is opposite to current orthography rules. One of the most important reasons of this, the respect shown to Quran and its writing and the intention to preserve it. Nevertheless, the majority of scholars say that the compose of writing, verse and sura of Quran is theological, it‘s not permissible to change it, it’s sin to come against to it and the location of a verse or sura in Quran can’t be changed. Quran signals the presence of eloquent languages via names written in Drawing Ottoman Quran open feminine ta letter. The word ? ???? ?? ? in the ?? ? ? ??? ?? ???? ? ? ? ?? ? ??? ? ? ???? ?? ????? ? ? ? ??? verse shows the presence of Tay language. Even if the open ta’s at the end of the nouns ?? ? ? ?? and ??? ? ? ? are seen as the signs of ta’nis by German G. Bergstrasser, according to Sibawaihi and Zamakhshari, they are converted into vav letter and are not the signs of ta’nis. In the Quran, all the words that open is converted into round are nouns and the penultimate letters are fatha and irab aspect of added. Of fifty-one place, in forty-three places it is used as added. In our opinion, in both of the letters, explicit one is open ta. Round ta is started to be used later. In the times when the Quran is revealed, written by revelation clerks and the times that the Arabic grammar is not a language of science, both of the letters are used interchangeably. As the Arabian grammar starting to be a language of science, closed ta letter is in nouns, open ta letter is in verbs and ta’nis is preposition.