Green Synthesis of Spiroindole Derivatives: Biological Evaluation and in Silico Studies

Abstract

This work describes the synthesis of spiro derivative compounds in the presence of nonmetallic catalysts and ultrasonic irradiation. These synthesized derivatives constitute an important class of organic compounds and display promising variety of bioactive properties. The synthesis of spirooxindole, spiro[pyrazolo-4,3'-indoline]-2',5,10(1H,11H)-trione, and spiro[acridine-7,3'-indoline]-2',8,13(14H)-trione derivatives were performed by the reaction of isatin with aromatic amines, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds under ultrasonic irradiation conditions in the presence of organocatalysts (Thiamin hydrochloride (Vit B1) or (+/-)-Camphor-10-sulfonic acid ((+/-)CSA)) or phase transfer catalysts. This procedure provided short reaction times, high yields, green reaction media and a simple working process. Then the DNA cleavage and antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds were studied. Synthesized compounds were also scrutinized using DFT-B3LYP basis set. Additionally, a comprehensive investigation into the ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) properties of these compounds was conducted.